Apotropaic Practices and the Undead: A Biogeochemical Assessment of Deviant Burials in Post-Medieval Poland
Lesley A. Gregoricka,
Tracy K. Betsinger,
Amy B. Scott,
Marek Polcyn
Published: November 26, 2014
Apotropaic observances-traditional practices intended to prevent
evil-were not uncommon in post-medieval Poland, and included specific
treatment of the dead for those considered at risk for becoming
vampires. Excavations at the Drawsko 1 cemetery (17th to 18th
c. AD) have revealed multiple examples (n = 6) of such deviant burials
amidst hundreds of normative interments. While historic records describe
the many potential reasons why some were more susceptible to vampirism
than others, no study has attempted to discern differences in social
identity between individuals within standard and deviant burials using
biogeochemical analyses of human skeletal remains. The hypothesis that
the individuals selected for apotropaic burial rites were non-local
immigrants whose geographic origins differed from the local community
was tested using radiogenic strontium isotope ratios from archaeological
dental enamel.
87Sr/
86Sr ratios ( =
0.7112±0.0006, 1σ) from the permanent molars of 60 individuals reflect a
predominantly local population, with all individuals interred as
potential vampires exhibiting local strontium isotope ratios. These data
indicate that those targeted for apotropaic practices were not migrants
to the region, but instead, represented local individuals whose social
identity or manner of death marked them with suspicion in some other
way. Cholera epidemics that swept across much of Eastern Europe during
the 17th
century may provide one alternate explanation as to
the reason behind these apotropaic mortuary customs, as the first person
to die from an infectious disease outbreak was presumed more likely to
return from the dead as a vampire.